Changing reigns and governance have exerted technical, economic, structural and legal influences in the Ruhr Region: starting with the Romans in the Rhineland, through the Carolingians up to the French after the Revolution, and to the Prussians in Westphalia and in the Rhineland after the Congress of Vienna. In addition, territorial expansion, for example, in the County of Mark under Brandenburg-Prussian rule in the 17th and 18th century can be seen as influential in parts of the pre-industrial Ruhr Region. For example, landmarks, fortifications, alleys, and channel construction projects bear witness to adjustment of borders, new road construction and city planning concepts.